Negative Leadership Essay -- Leadership

A few years ago I worked at a company that defined the concept of negative leadership. The solid was a start-up company and had a tremendous opportunity for growth, but the potential of the company depended on how the managerial staff and the administration handled the human resources. The company was providing an advanced(a) service for major companies around the world. The company started off well offering the employees prizes for the best monthly performance and a bonus for extra production. Anyone can declare that they have integrity, but a persons actions are the real indicator of their reference point. Your character determines who you are. Who you are determines what you see. What you see determines what you do. Thats why you can never separate a leaders character from his actions. If a leaders actions and intentions are continually working(a) against each other, then look to his character to find out why. (Maxwell, 1999)Everyone in the industry was excited about the pro spects of working for this firm. Unfortunately, things turned sour rather quickly, as the leadership team of...

Napster :: essays research papers

NapsterIn 1998 a university dropout, Shawn Fenning, nicknamed napster, spent days without sleep in his uncles office producing a new music-swapping programme now known as napster. Napster is an MP3 file sharing programme that lets you connect to millions of other users world-wide and swap music with them for ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, even Napster itself as a programme is FREE and is available to ANYONE with a PC and the Internet.Napster spreads all types of music ranging from unknown and up and coming bands to famous names like Craig David and distorted Dodger this is all at absolutely NO COST. So as you can imagine as Napster grew more than popular than ever its total users stand out 50MILLION in November 2000.Nearly 75 percent of college students have downloaded music from the Net, according to a recent study by Greenfield Online, an international research firm. Nearly two-thirds of the 1,135 college students surveyed produce they download music as a way to sample music before buyin g it. So does this prove that the artists argon actually benefiting out of Napster as population will hear there songs and possibly go and buy there singles. Many people believe music labels should have been donating money to Napster users, non threatening to sue them. And so the much-libelled Napster users are dedicated music buyers, quick to reach for their wallets. Greenfield research says it found that 45 per cent of online music fans are more likely to have increased their music purchases than online fans who dont use Napster. The study of Napster users found that 71 percent of users say theyre willing to pay to download an entire album.A maker of MP3 portable players said "The year 2000 is a fantastic year for digital music,we had this earthquake called Napster whos aftershocks are still happening". Napster gives publicity to unsigned groups and gives people a chance to listen to their music and so possibly they may get a record deal form the record companies.But in the shops people are paying 3.99 for these singles and to some they simply cant afford it, so why not use Napster and get it fo nothing??? by and by all would you pay for something you could get for free?Using napster gives everyone a chance to get all their favourite music for nothing, all new bands singles are featured on the programme but not forgetting many, many old songs for the older users of the site.

Relational Model :: essays research papers

The Relational Database ModelA database can be understood as a collection of related files. How those files are related depends on the model used. Early models included the hierarchical model (where files are related in a parent/child manner, with each child file having at most one parent file), and the communicate model (where files are related as owners and members, similar to the network model except that each member file can have more than one owner). The relational database model was a huge step forward, as it allowed files to be related by means of a common airfield. In order to relate any two files, they simply need to have a common field, which makes the model extremely flexible.Poet Code First Name Surname Age 1 Mongane Afrika 62 2 Stephen Serote 58 3 Tatumkhulu Watson 29 verse Title Poet Wakening Night 1 Thrones of Darkness 2 Once 3 These two tables relate through the code field in the poet table, and the poet field in the poem table. We can see who wrote the poem Once by following the relationship, and see that it was poet 3, or Tatumkhulu Watson.In 1970, when E.F. Codd developed the model, it was thought to be hopelessly impractical, as the machines of the time could not cope with the overhead necessary to maintain the model. Of course, hardware since then has come on in huge strides, so that today up to now the most basic of PCs can run sophisticated relational database management systems. Together with this went the development of SQL. SQL is relatively easy to scam and allows people to quickly learn how to perform queries on a relational database. This simplicity is part of the reason that relational databases now form the majority of databases to be found. Basic TermsAn arrangement of relational databases requires an understanding of some of the basic terms. Data are the values stored in the database. On its own, data means very little. "43156" is an example. Information is data that is svelte to have a meaning. For example, &qu ot43156" is the population of the town of Littlewood. A database is a collection of tables. apiece table contains records, which are the horizontal rows in the table. These are also called tuples. Each record contains fields, which are the vertical columns of the table. These are also called attributes. An example would be a product record.

Afraid to know the truth Essay -- essays research papers fc

Afraid to Know the Truth AIDS is an extraordinary kind of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite change magnitude funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treatment, the AIDS pestilential continues to outpace the global response. No region of the world has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, maturation and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO global overview of the AIDS/HIV epidemic has reported in the year 2003, near basketball team million good deal became newly infected with HIV, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of battalion living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number change magnitude from 35 million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year some 3 million pack have died of AIDS over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5).According to the stub of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 the great unwashed are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are incognizant of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvious fact that this is a ripening problem which continues to get worse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national problem, but just as well as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half(prenominal) of all new infections of HIV worldwide more than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I become very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal sickness are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this malady for the remainder of their lives. Even though there are many types of treatment for those inf ected with this disease and with treatment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot longer than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact understood remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to come into play to make a significant difference in decelerate down or possibly stopping this epidemic is prevention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the accuracy appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing verbalize the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest step in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even larger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become more aware of the risks and must become more responsible in protect t hemselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is getting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are utter in getting tested commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, Knowing is Beautiful. WORKS CITED1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Report on AIDS epidemic 2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. Abstract 11.3.) http//www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=254.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http//www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm Afraid to know the faithfulness show -- essays research papers fc Afraid to Know the Truth AIDS is an extraordinary kind of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite increased funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treatment, the AIDS epidemic continues to outpace the global response. No region of the wor ld has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO global overview of the AIDS/HIV epidemic has reported in the year 2003, almost five million people became newly infected with HIV, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number increased from 35 million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year almost 3 million people have died of AIDS over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5).According to the nerve center of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are oblivious(predicate) of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvious fact that this is a growing problem which continues to get w orse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national problem, but just as well as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half of all new infections of HIV worldwide more than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I become very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal disease are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this disease for the remainder of their lives. Even though there are many types of treatment for those infected with this disease and with treatment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot longer than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact palliate remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to come into play to make a significant difference in slowing down or possibly stopping this epidemic is p revention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the truth appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing said the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest step in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even bigger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become more aware of the risks and must become more responsible in defend themselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is getting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are said in getting tested commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, Knowing is Beautiful. WORKS CITED1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Report on AIDS epidemic 2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United St ates, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. Abstract 11.3.) http//www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=254.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http//www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm

A Day In The Life Of A Gnome :: essays research papers

A Day in the Life of a dwarfOnce upon a time there was a gnome named Knob, who lived the far off land ofGnomania. Gnomania is a huge underground lair with only whizz entrance. The onlyentrance to this lair is by swimming down to the bottom of the ocean floor andknocking on a large clam. On the separate side of this clam is an old grouchy gnomenamed stubby whose only job was to keep the clam clean, and listen for theknock of incoming visitors. To assist Stubby in guarding the clam, he had a petsnark. A snark is an animal or pet that can be used as a watchdog.One day Knob went to visit his grandmother in the land of Gnollie which is abouta guzillion centimeters away from Gnomania. On his way to his grandmothershouse he ran across a garden. Upon stumbling on the garden, he decided to bethoughtful and pick around tulips for his grandmother. Tulips were her favoritesnack.While hailing his grandmothers house, he found something to be very strange.His grandmother was hovering on an hum mingbird, while picking apples from hertall twenty-foot appletree. aft(prenominal) contemplating on this strange doing, hedecided not to let it bother him. After seeing Knob approach her house, Knobsgrandmother whistled for the hummingbird to bring her down so she could greethim. She greeted him with a loud burp which was a common courtesy amongGnomanians. After greeting him she also sprinkled him with some of her fairydust. She handily carried it around in her turban. She naturally invited himin for dinner where they ate lots of mosquitoes. After dinner, they watched acheap imitation of television. They used a big box to put different animals inand called it the Discovery channel. By the end of the day Knob wasgetting a little weary, so he decided to return home.When he returned form Gnollie his pet snark was there to welocme him home. Hewelcomed his snark back by feeding it fisheyes or to us humans dog biscuits.After the short snack, Knob and his snark went back to his teepee whe re theyhibernated until the next morning.The next day Knob met up with his friend Door. Door was a runaway gnome wholived on the streets of Gnomania. They met one day by accident. Since Doorlived on the streets, he had to steal food to survive. One day when Door wasrunning away from a gardener he ran full speed into Knob.

A Day In The Life Of A Gnome :: essays research papers

A Day in the Life of a dwarfOnce upon a time there was a gnome named Knob, who lived the far off land ofGnomania. Gnomania is a huge underground lair with only ane entrance. The onlyentrance to this lair is by swimming down to the bottom of the ocean floor andknocking on a large clam. On the other(a) side of this clam is an old grouchy gnomenamed stubby whose only job was to keep the clam clean, and listen for theknock of incoming visitors. To assist Stubby in guarding the clam, he had a petsnark. A snark is an animal or pet that can be used as a watchdog.One daytime Knob went to visit his grandmother in the land of Gnollie which is abouta guzillion centimeters away from Gnomania. On his way to his grandmothershouse he ran across a garden. Upon stumbling on the garden, he decided to bethoughtful and pick slightly tulips for his grandmother. Tulips were her favoritesnack.While border oning his grandmothers house, he found something to be very strange.His grandmother was hovering on an hummingbird, while picking apples from hertall twenty-foot appletree. later on contemplating on this strange doing, hedecided not to let it bother him. After seeing Knob approach her house, Knobsgrandmother whistled for the hummingbird to bring her down so she could greethim. She greeted him with a loud burp which was a common courtesy amongGnomanians. After greeting him she also sprinkled him with some of her fairydust. She handily carried it around in her turban. She naturally invited himin for dinner where they ate lots of mosquitoes. After dinner, they watched acheap imitation of television. They used a big box to put different animals inand called it the Discovery channel. By the end of the day Knob wasgetting a little weary, so he decided to return home.When he returned form Gnollie his pet snark was there to welocme him home. Hewelcomed his snark back by feeding it fisheyes or to us humans dog biscuits.After the short snack, Knob and his snark went back to his teepee where theyhibernated until the next morning.The next day Knob met up with his friend Door. Door was a runaway gnome wholived on the streets of Gnomania. They met one day by accident. Since Doorlived on the streets, he had to steal food to survive. One day when Door wasrunning away from a nurseryman he ran full speed into Knob.

Euripides Paper Essay

Of the meets that survived the classical Era of Greece, few survive out of the thousands that were written in celebration of the Festival Of Dionysus. This festival was in honor of the great paragon of wine, a relatively new Olympian borne of Zeus and a mortal woman, Semele (Rachel Gross, Dale Grote, 1997). He was renowned as not further the god of wine but also of constitution, fertility and later, the stage. The Bacchae by Euripides is the most famous account of the Dionysian cult, and through its perturbing tale of destruction and horrific method of worship it paints a picture of extremism unlike other tales. It is possible that Euripides, during his stay in the court of the king of Macedon, dictum a sect of the cult whose ritual practices were extremist or it could be that Euripides was attempting to make a statement some the danger of cultist thinking. Dionysus was the only Olympian to obligate been born double, erstwhile when Zeus killed his mother with a thunderbol t then rescued the unborn child, inserted him into his own thigh for the rest of his gestation, and gave birth to him. One report card that runs through the Dionysian cult is rejection the Dionysus stories repeatedly tell of Dionysus entering a city, being rejected as a god and bringing destruction to his opponents. It does count that the authors of the classical functions in the Hellenistic Era either wished to encourage worshippers to remain loyal to their gods or they wished to in suave dread in the public regarding the vengeful nature of the gods if they ar not obeyed.An example of this is Euripides tale of Dionysus revenge on Pentheus, king of Thebes. As patient and devious as only a god could be, Dionysus lets himself be captured after driving local women (including Pentheus mother) into divine madness. Dionysus, disguised, is believed to be behind the women suddenly running into the forest from the city. Dionysus cannot be restrained, as he amply shows his captor Pentheus . ultimately Dionysis leads Pentheus (dressed as a woman) to his death by the hands of his own mother, who does not certify him in her state of madness. The choir sings the praises of Dionysus, who is later able to show himself to Thebes for who he really is. A recurrent theme in The Bacchae is justice, disguise, revenge, and the balance of power, all centered on a god and his followers opposing a mortal and the non-believers. Along the same lines and also reflecting the religion of the beat as well as portraying the continual battles that were waged between city-states that vied for dominion, were playacts written by Sophocles, Aeschylus, and later Aristophanes. politics were mixed in with religious rites and rituals, as is written in all of the plays examined. Similarity exists in stories of son against get under ones skin, brother against sister, and a god dictating the actions of all the major(ip) players with the oracles being the messengers delivering prophecies and dire ctions to the mere mortals. A marvelous intertwining of emotions, decisions, protocols, ethics and treachery are exhibited by both mortals and gods in these works, but the gods tend to influence the mortals to turn on each other rather than directly intervene. In Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus exposes the revenge of gods upon a god, as opposed to Dionysus revenge on Thebes for rejecting him. Still, the theme of suffering is woven and fear is stricken into the audience as a great god who had created the mortals done so a lot for them is ruthlessly punished by Zeus. Prometheus Bound is the second play of a trilogy, and uses no stage. In that, it is unique the entire play takes place in the balconies (ed. Alfred Bates, 1906, p.73). This adds to the feeling that a battle is being waged in the heavens, a general theme reflected in the mythology of the Greek pantheon. Prometheus brought fire to mankind out of sympathy for their ignorance and darkness. At first Zeus was angry, but when he s melled the aroma of the rich sacrifices cookery over the fires he decided to bide his time to see what would happen next. As in The Bacchae, Zeus is alternately portrayed as a eleemosynary yet very vengeful god. Prometheus Bound illustrates the suffering of torture for a god who cannot die because he is immortal this would give pause to both Hellenistic person who might wish to become a god. At least servicemans can be freed from the pains of mortality through death, even if brought closely by an angry god. One passage in particular reflects how rejection is a theme that repeats itself in Hellenistic plays, wrenching emotion from the audience and expressed in such(prenominal) a way as to be all too common in tragedy Prometheus, chained to the mountainside where a bird of aim arrives daily to eat his liver, cries out,The foe of Zeus, and heldIn hatred by all godsWho tread the courts of ZeusAnd this for my great love,Too great, for mortal man (Bates, p. 76). Along comes Hermes, in a powerful scene, bids Prometheus to reveal the marriage that will produce the undoing of Zeus position. Prometheus adamantly refuses to reveal such a thing unless he is unbound. interestingly enough, Zeus had already had a warning regarding a child who would overthrow him after his liaison with the Titan Metis, Zeus was told that the unborn child would bring about his undoing. He turned Metis into a fly and swallowed her the child gestated inside of Zeus head and later emerged as the goddess Athena. erstwhile again we find Zeus hachure a child within his own body, as Dionysus was. Even in his suffering, Prometheus is adamant about justice. He had created mortals under Zeus orders, he had taught them everything. When Zeus motto the mortals becoming too powerful, able to reason and think for themselves, he saw his own position threatened. This theme is also reflected in diametric ways and with varied scenarios in the plays of the period.Essentially this is a political attitud e, which seems to be misplaced among all-powerful and perfect gods, but as humans had godlike qualities, the gods also had very human qualities. Such was the relationship between the Greek Olympians and the Greek people, a mutual relationship of favors granted, sacrifices made and honors given or withdrawn. What we know of this relationship is mostly from writers such as Homer and Plato as well as the playwrights. The Prometheus trilogy elaborated on the creation of man, the wrath of Zeus, intervention by Prometheus, the advancement of mankind and the gift of Prometheus (the return of fire). This was followed by the punishment of Prometheus and the ill will of the Olympians toward him. Loyalty to Zeus and the recognition that the gods were only as powerful as their mortal worshippers are reflective of politicians and celebrities of today a stat is only as stellar as the public allows it to be. Finally Prometheus is freed and is reconciled amongst the Olympians, but for all he did for mortals, it shape ups that he was not worshipped, nor was he a patron god of any polis or temple. Apparently his fallibility made him unworthy of mortal worship. Unlike Dionysus, however, Prometheus did not exact revenge on those who did not recognize him. Turning to more complicated matters, we shall now look at the Oedipus plays by Sophocles. This series reveals the role of fate and the irrevocable will of the gods, this time involving Apollo. Running on common Greek themes of deplorable situations (such as Zeus killing Dionysus mother and realizing with horror that she carried his unborn child, Prometheus being horribly tortured for loving his creations so much that he defied Zeus, and the horror of bedding ones own mother and bearing children by her), Oedipus the King by Sophocles brings about the role played by fate and the unquestionable role of destiny that mortals cannot escape even if forewarned and taking all precautions. Oracles and visionarys relayed messages fro m the gods to mortals, and those whom had a shadow cast over their lives had no choice play out their lives in the manner decreed by the gods. Oedipus was one of those people, sent away by his mother to be murdered since it was predicted that he would kill his father a kindly Shepard took Oedipus to be raised in the court of the king and queen of Corinth. Oedipus was not aware of his true parentage. As a young prince, Oedipus overhears a conversation announcing that he was not the true son of the king and queen, so he sought the advice of the Oracle of Delphi. This is where he learned of his destiny, which had been revealed to his mother years originally. other common theme of the Hellenistic Era is the accuracy of the Oracle of Delphi, who can see into the plans of the gods and will advise mortals as she sees fit. Oedipus was horrified to hear his fate and, still believing that he was the son of the king and queen of Corinth, he sought to escape the horrible prophecy by leaving t he palace. This is another case in point where it was believed that a mortal could not escape what the gods had decreed for their future, and it wasnt until philosophy took a strong stance in Greek society that the gods were questioned as omniscient beings that controlled the destiny of every person. In the case of Oedipus, had he kept his head and stayed in the palace at Corinth, the story would have been much different but even the reader of the plays will doubt that he could have changed his fate. Oedipus traveled to Thebes, fell in love with and married Jocasta, Queen of Thebes. Jocasta was the widow of potpourri Laius, who had been killed in a skirmish with a band of thieves just prior to Oedipus arrival. Oedipus and Jocasta had four children two daughters (Antigone and Ismeme) and two sons (Polynices and Eteocles). While the offspring of Oedipus and Jocasta do not appear significantly in Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex), their existence is significant for the act that Antigone will later commit in a state of unbending intent, without regard for any punishment from gods or humans. Eventually a plague strikes Thebes and the citizenry asks Oedipus for help. Oedipus replies that he has already sent the Queens brother (Creon) to the Oracle at Delphi for advise. Once again, great faith in the gods and the Oracle is demonstrated, and the Oracle is consulted in order to consult with the gods themselves such incidents as natural disasters and plagues were undoubtedly initiated by one of the gods whom has been displeased, and only the Oracle had the authority to dispense with the remedy for the situation. Also, Thebes reasserts itself as a city of major importance, politically, being the very city that rejected Dionysus. Chreon returns to report that the Oracle at Delphi says that when the receiver of Laius is captured and expelled, the plague will end. Oedipus sets out immediately to discover who murdered the King of Thebes, and imagine his horror when he finds ou t from a local prophet that it was he who had slain the king at the crossroads where the attack had occurred. The only survivor of the attack, a Shepard, is then interrogated Oedipus still wants to deny that he himself was King Laius murderer and Jocasta supports him by ridiculing prophecy and such fanciful thought. The climax of the play occurs when the Shepard reveals that long ago he had taken a baby from the King and Queen of Thebes and passed it on to a Shepard of Corinth the babys mother had wanted it murdered because of a prophecy that it would kill its parents. The coin drops for Oedipus Ah me ah me all brought to pass, all true O light, whitethorn I behold thee nevermore I stand a wretch, in birth, in wedlock cursed, A parricide, incestuously, triply cursed (trans. F. Storr, 1912). Oedipus later finds Jocasta inside the palace, dead from break herself. Oedipus immediately blinds himself and begs to be exiled. Once again we have Thebes expelling a man of prominence, but thi s time by the mans request. Where Dionysus had been twice born, Oedipus had been twice expelled from Thebes. The plays depicted above are three great tragedies and hopefully it is clear that the myths and religious overtones occupying the minds and hearts of the Hellenistic Greeks have been demonstrated here to have a recurring theme. We will now turn to a play of comedy that also has its own flavor yet bring outs the loyalty to the gods and abides by the principles of Greek society. As a departure from the woes of rejected gods and men, Arisophanes provides the audience with laughter as he resurrects Euripides and Aeschylus, thus acknowledging their greatness and praising Dionysus at the same time as the god of t high temperatureer. Binding together the power of Dionysus while poking fun at the god of wine and revelry, Aristophanes writes a slapstick style play in The Frogs. This play has it all gods, sways, parody and politics, plus it contains references to the mythological her o Heracles, Charon (the ferryman at the river Styx), and a few Olympians plus the Nine Muses. Even today, this play is extremely funny for those who are familiar with Greek mythology and would be enjoyed even by those who are not, if acted well. In The Frogs, Dionysus is tired of the absence of the absence of meaty dramas in theater and feels that this is a reflection factor on his honor. He decides to travel to Hades to fetch Euripides and bring him back to Earth. His servant Xanthias accompanies Dionysus. In order to blend in in the underworld, Dionysus dresses as Heracles and consults Heracles for advice and directions before setting off. Once in the underworld, Dionysus is assaulted by the inhabitants seeking revenge for things Heracles had done during one of his journeys to Hades, and Dionysus begs Xanthias to change costumes. No sooner is this done, Persephone (daughter of Demeter and Queen of Hades) invites Heracles to a banquet. Dionysus insists on donning the king of beas ts skins again in order that he may attend the banquet, but as soon as he changes, angry people assault him once again. He is finally so afraid he reveals who he really is (reminiscent of revealing himself to Thebes in The Bacchae). Once it is known throughout Hades that Dionysus is present there, an argument breaks out between Euripides and Aeschylus over who is the better playwright. Insults are traded as thus EURIPIDESDont talk to me I wont give up the chair,I say I am better in the art than he.DIONYSUSYou hear him, Aeschylus why dont you speak?EURIPIDESHell do the golden at first, the juggling trickHe used to play in all his tragedies.DIONYSUSCome, my fine fellow, pray dont talk to big.EURIPIDESI know the man, Ive scanned him through and through,A savage-creating stubborn-pulling fellow,Uncurbed, unfettered, uncontrolled of speech,Unperiphrastic, bombastiloquent.AESCHYLUSHah sayest thou so, child of the garden queanAnd this to me, thou chattery-babble-collector,Thou pauper-cre ating rags-and-patches-stitcher?Thou shalt abye it dearlyDIONYSUSPray, be stillNor heat thy soul to fury, Aeschylus.AESCHYLUSNot till Ive made you see the sort of manThis cripple-maker is who crows so loudly.DIONYSUSBring out a ewe, a black-fleeced ewe, my boysHeres a typhoon about to burst upon us.AESCHYLUSThou picker-up of Cretan monodies,Foisting thy tales of incest on the stage-(Internet Classics Archives, 1994 2000). In the end, a trial is conducted to see who the King Of Tragedy really is it is decided to weigh the literature to see whose was heaviest. Aeschylus turned out to have the meatier scripts, so Dionysus took him to Earth instead of Euripides, even though in truth Euripides was regarded the better of the two at the time (Alice Fort, Herbert Kates, 1935). In both comedy and tragedy, the ties to the gods and the themes of conflict, murder, revenge and long-suffering are present in Hellenistic plays. The ancient Greek society was rich in idea and devout in its worship of the gods eventually the Greek culture would spread throughout the Persian Empire and rule until the Roman conquest. In conclusion and to display a part of the beauty of devotion to the gods, an excerpt from Callimachus Hymn to Artemis, which expresses the reverence typical of the Greek attitude toward their gods Lady, may my true friends and I be among those, Queen, and may I always care about song. I will sing Letos wedlock, Apollo, and always Artemis your labors, dogs, archery, and chariot that lifts you lightly-behold-on your way to Zeuss heavenly dwelling (Callimachus, Jean Alvares 1998).ReferencesAristophanes. The Frogs. The Internet Classics Archives, MIT. 1994 2000, 18 December 2005. http//classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/frogs.htmlBates, Alfred (ed.). PROMETHEUS BOUND A summary and analysis of the play by Aeschylus. The Drama Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 1. capital of the United Kingdom Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 70-78.Callimach us. Hymn III To Aretemis. Montclair State University, Jean Alvares. 1998 2003, 18 December 2005. http//www.chss.montclair.edu/classics/HYMNART.HTMLGross ,Rachel and Grote ,Dale. Dionysus. Encyclopedia Mythica. 1995 2004, 16 December 2002. http//www.pantheon.org/articles/d/dionysus.htmlStorr, F (trans.). Oedipus the King. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and William Heinemann Ltd, London. 1912, 17 December 2005. http//www.online-literature.com/view.php/oedipus/1?term=king%20oedipus

The Story of Tom Brennan

After reading Fear, drink driving, family relationships, friendship, conflict, grief and loss atomic number 18 all important themes of this book. guide two themes and describe/discuss how they are portrayed in the book. (We will work through an example answer in class) THEMES How is the theme of fear portrayed in TSOTB? Sample Answer (Fear is a significant theme in TSOTB. Throughout the story we see many examples of part confronting and being challenged by fear. We also see the different ways that characters cope with fear.Tom Brennan is frightened of many things. He is frightened by the death of Nicole and Luke, the quadriplegia of Finn, the imprisonment of Daniel, the illness of his mother, the challenge of establishing himself in a new community. How does Tom confront his fears and cope with them? Tom initially feels guilt ridden by a number of the tragedies that had occurred. With support from people such as C,T and B, Tom starts to realise that these tragedies were not his fault. He could not control what had happened. Tom pays his respects to the families of N and L.He starts to visit Finn on a much regular basis and he acknowledges that things will never return to how they were. Tom moves on with his life and in doing so overcomes many of his fears. ) portion Analysis Choose one of the following characters and provide a detailed character analysis of them Tom Brennan, Daniel Brennan, Tess Brennan, Joe Brennan, Brendan, Gran, Finn, Kylie, Kath, Chrissie. Remember to follow the characterisation checklist. Characterisation Checklist Name character pull out appearance Describe relationships with othersDescribe thoughts, words and actions Describe personality Describe goals, intakes, regrets Describe how the character has changed/developed/grown throughout the course of the book. Sample Character Analysis Kath ONeil is Finns mother and an auntie of Daniel, Tom and Kylie Brennan. Kath is Tess sister. We dont know a lot about Kaths appearance. She woul d most likely be a strong, capable woman who has a active life. Following the accident and the responsibility of caring for Finn. Kath has to get used to lots of physical lifting and work.Kath shares positive relationships with others, however, the personality of these relationships would have been significantly compromised by the accident and Kaths feelings as to may have been responsible for her sons quadriplegia. Kath appears at times to be genuinely stressed and very angry. This of course would be a natural reaction to what has transpired in her life. She is also determined to what she can for her son. No doubt Kaths goals, ambition and regrets would have changed significantly with the crash. Her life going forward was changed hugely and she would have had huge regrets at the loss of her familys life as it had once been.

Cellular Basis of Life

What is Life? This perennial question the answer to which has somehow eluded the most brilliant minds. For art object scientists hand over identified m some(prenominal) years ago the right mix of the atoms and molecules that constitute electric carrelphoneular material, they fuddle non succeeded in switching it on to oblige it alive, or breathing life into it (Rabago et. al,2006) In this module you will a. Explain the concepts of the cell theory b. Identify the split of a cell c. Describe the carry of all(prenominal) cell bankrupt d. Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells e. Comp ar institute and animal cells A. The jail cell Theory tructurally made up of 1. What atomic number 18 alive things made of? cells. 2. What dismiss cells do? 3. Where do cells come from? All living things be The cell is the fundamental unit of life. cellular ph nonpareils come from the part of pre-existing cells. B. Cell Structure and Composition CELL MEMBRANE -Serves as the out er boundary of the cell. It is a selective permeable membrane which permits the entrance of submarine sandwichstances passim the cell. CYTOPLASM -Serves as the reservoir of the organelles as it contain all the lifesustaining components. It is a jellylike structure. NUCLEUS -Usually located at the center and n make as the control center of the cell. It regulates and coordinates all the activities of the cell. C. Organelles in the Cy evanescelasmORGANELLES STRUCTUREMembrane Components Module 8 A. 1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum usually the site for fat metabolism forms vesicles for transporting large molecules to other cell parts 2. mitochondria sites of cellular respiration 3. Golgi apparatus involved in modifying, sorting and packaging macromolecules for secretion or for talking to to other organelles 4. nuclear membrane a reprize membrane which separates the nucleoplasm from the cytol . nucleolus the site where subunits of ribosomes are formed 6. nuclear pore serves as p athway for the exchange of materials among the nucleus and the cytoplasm 7. rough endoplasmic reticulum studded on its outer surface with ribosomes for the synthesis of proteinFUNCTIOND. Variations in Cell Structure and Function d. 1 Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cell A typical Prokaryotic Cell A typical Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Pro = before, karyon = nucleus Eu = real, karyon = nucleus Prokaryotes are evolutionarily ancient. They were here first and for illions of years were the only form of life. And even with the evolution of more labyrinthian eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes are supremely successful. All bacteria and bacterialike Archaea are prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, evolving from a prokaryote-like predecessor. just about of the living things that we are typically familiar with are composed of eukaryotic cells animals, plants, fungi and protists. Eukaryotic organisms muckle each be single-celled or multi-celled. PR OKAYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Nucleus mystify modus operandi of chromosomes More than one Cell Type True Membrane bound NucleusExample Multicellular re can One scarcely not true chromosome Plasmids Unicellular Present Absent animals and Plants Telomeres Present (Linear DNA) Genetic Recombination Mitosis and fusion of gametes Lysosomes and peroxisomes Microtubules Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Cytoskeleton DNA wrapping on proteins. Ribosomes Vesicles Golgi apparatus Mitosis Present Present Present Present Present Yes larger Present Present Yes Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Bacteria and Archaea Circular DNA doesnt need telemeres Partial, undirectional transfers DNA Absent Absent or rare Absent AbsentMay be absent No smaller Present Absent No provided has binary fission Absent chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella Microscopic in sizing membrane bound usually arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Selective not present Yes Usually no Permeability of Nuclear Membrane Plasma membrane with steriod Cell mole Vacuoles Cell size Only in plant cells (chemically simpler) Present 10-100um Usually chemically complexed Present 1-10um d. 2 Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell Characteristics Plant Cell Cell SizeLarge Cell Shape Rectangular Vacuoles A single centrally located vacuole. It takes up almost 90% of the cell volume. The vacuole stores water and maintains turgidity of the cell. Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cell Division A rigid cell wall (made of cellulose) is present about a plant cell that helps it maintain its shape. Present. Chlorophyll is the pigment that traps suns energy which is utilized by plants to make food through the process of photosynthesis. This pigment is present in the chloroplasts. Cell division takes place by the geological formation of cell plate in the center of the dividing cell.This becomes the cell wall between the two daughter cells. Centrioles Present only in lower forms. Plants instead have microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) that give the microtubules. Centrosome Absent. Instead two small clear domains called polar caps are present. Absent Lysosomes Golgi Bodies In place of golgi bodies, its sub units known as dictyosomes are present. Animal Cell Smaller than plant cells Circular If any, at that place are a number of small vacuoles spread throughout the cytoplasm that store water, ions and waste materials. Cell wall is absent. This allows animal cells to adopt diametric hapes. Absent. As animals lack this pigment, they cannot make their own food. Animal cells divide with the formation of a cleavage furrow. This is formed as the chromosomes move to the ends of the microtubule spindle formed by the centrioles. Present. Centrioles help in division of animal cells by creating microtubule spindles that pull the chromosomes to adversary ends for cell division to occur. Present Present. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain enzymes t hat destroy dead cell organelles and other cells debis. Complex golgi bodies are present close to the nucleus. E. Articles about CellBBC NEWS-Last Updated Tuesday, 20 November 2007, 1642 do cornerstone cells are musical theme to hold huge latent for treating a wide range of unsoundness and disability. Scientists around the earth are working on techniques to Refine shuck cell therapy. The latest technique, nuclear reprogramming, promises to solve some of the trickiest practical and ethical issues. What are block cells? Most adult cells in the body have a particular purpose which cannot be changed. For instance, a liver cell is widened to perform specific functions, and cannot be transformed to suddenly take on the use of goods and services of a heart cell.Stem cells are different. They are still at an early stage of development, and retain the potential to turn into many different types of cell. Why are they so useful? When a composition cell divides, each cutting cell ha s the potential to either remain a foundation cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. Scientists study it should be attainable to harness this ability to turn stanch cells into a super repair kit for the body. Theoretically, it should be possible to use free radical cells to generate healthy wander to replace that either damaged by trauma, or compromised by sickness.Among the conditions which scientists believe may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy are Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and spinal cord damage. Stem cells may also provide a useful way to test the effects of experimental drugs. It is also hoped that studying stem cells will provide vital clues about how the tissues of the body develop, and how disease takes hold. Are there different types of stem cell? Yes. Scientists believe the most useful stem cells come from the tissue of embryos.This is because they are pluripote nt they have the ability to become virtually any type of cell within the body. Stem cells are also found within adult organs. They have not taken on a fina l role, and have the potential to become any of the major(ip) specialized cell types within that organ. Their role is to maintain the organ in a healthy state by repairing any damage it suffers. It is thought their potential to become other types of cell is mo re limited than that of embryotic stem cells. But there is evidence that they are still relatively plastic. Can they be good grown in the lab?Large numbers of immature stem cells can be relatively easily grown in culture. However, adult stem cells are rare in mature tissues and science is still working on ways to grow them in the lab in sufficient numbers. This is an important distinction, as large numbers of cells are needed for stem cell replacement therapies. Is the use of stem cells disputed? Very. Campaigners are vehemently opposed to the use of embryonic stem cel ls. These cells are typically taken from lab-created embryos that are just four or five age old, and are little more than a microscopic ball of cells.However, opponents argue that all embryos, whether created in the lab or not, have the potential to go on to become a fully-fl contactd military personnel, and as such it is morally wrong to experiment on them. They strongly advocate the use of stem cells from adult tissue. What is nuclear reprogramming? A bracing technique, in which cells isolated from skin tissue called fibroblasts are modified by inserting gene-controlling proteins. This chemical cocktail causes the cells to be reprogrammed to take on the plastic quality of embryonic stem cells. Why is the nuclear reprogramming an advance?There are two big potential benefits. The current methods derive stem cells from from existing lab lines, scarce these cells are foreign to the body, and run the risk of rejection if used to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue. Nuclear reprogramming can potentially bring about a supply of stem cells derived from a patients own tissue avoiding the issue of rejection of the cells. Secondly, the technique does not require the creation of, or destruction of an embr yo, and so is not ethically contentious. Are there safety concerns? Yes.Some researchers fear that it is possible that stem cell therapy could unwittingly pass viruses and other disease causing agents to people who contact cell transplants. Some research has also raised the possibility that stem cells may turn cancerous. Work also still needs to be through with(p) to refine the new technique. Similar results were achieved by two teams using a different combination of gene-controlling proteins. In both cases the success rate in producing new stem cells was also low. Last Updated Monday, 8 January 2007, 0858 GMT New stem cell fountain discoveredUS scientists say they have discovered a new source of stem cells that could one day repair damaged human organ s. Researchers successfully extracted the cells from the fluid that fills the womb in pregnancy and then grew them in lab experiments. The types of stem cell with potentially the most use have so far been derived from specially grown human embryos. But this has created ethical concerns because the embryos are destroyed in the process. Opponents say this is tantamount to cannibalism. Supporters say stem cells offer real hope in treating illnesses like diabetes, Parkinsons and Alzheimers.Implanted in mice Writing in Nature Biotechnology, the scientists verbalise it should be possible to harness the cells ability to grow into different tissue to treat disease. It shouldnt be seen as a race between embryonic stem cells and other sources Prof Colin McGuckin Newcastle University However, UK experts had doubts about the feasibility of the technique. They said gathering amnionic fluid from large numbers of women might be difficult. Amniotic fluid contains a large number of cells, many of which come from the developing foetus.The team from Wake Forest University School of Medicine, in North Carolina, extracted these from fluid samples taken as part of unrelated diagnostic tests during pregnancy, then encouraged them to grow in the laboratory. They found that they had the potential to turn into a wide variety of different cells the hallmark of potentially useful stem cells. They then transplanted them into mice, and carried out further tests to look at how they performed in a living creature. Again, the results were encouraging, with the stem cells spreading and starting to produce tombstone body chemicals in both brain and liver.Bone stem cells introduced onto an artificial scaffold then implanted into mice also appeared to behave in a convertible way to regulation bone cells, forming bone even months later. Great interest The conclusion of the researchers was that the amniotic cells were pluripotent capable of becoming many different cell types, and that they held the potential for manipulation curiously on the child from whose mother they were taken, for whom they are an exact tissue match. Dr Paolo De Coppi, now of Great Ormond Street hospital, who worked on the study, said the amniotic stem cells were similar to, but not identical to, embryonic stem cells.He said Our research suggests that for some clinical applications they may work better than embryonic stem cells. For subject, embryonic stem cells injected into muscle can form teratomas amniotic stem cells do not do this. However, the range of applications for these stem cells may be more narrow than for embryonic stem cells. Dr De Coppi it might be possible to take amniotic stem cells from a child diagnosed before birth with a problem, and use them to grow new tissue in the laboratory, which would be ready to use to treat the child when it was born.In theory, it might also be possible to genetically modify a foetus own stem cells and inject them back into the amnioitc fluid to correct gene disorders. Possible limitations Professor Colin McGuckin, from Newcastle University, is researching the use of similar cells taken from the umbilical cord at birth. He welcomed the report, saying that it was thorough and demonstrated the potential of amniotic stem cells. The best thing is to have a variety of stem cell sources to provide the best stem cell for patients. Unless researchers do work to demonstrate there are alternatives to embryonic stem cells, the wider public wont understand that. It shouldnt be seen as a race between embryonic stem cells and other sources. However, he said that harvesting amniotic fluid presented particular difficulties in many cases. If it is a natural birth, the waters shock and they are all over the floor, and youve lost them. In this country, the majority of women give birth naturally, which means that fluid could not be collected. You could conceivably gather amniotic fluid during a caesarean section, but that process could i nterfere with the experience of giving birth. Wednesday, 15 November 2006, 1800 GMT Stem cells treat muscle diseaseA stem cell breakthrough could lead to a treatment For muscular dystrophy (MD), research has revealed. An Italian-French team found transplanting stem cells into dogs with a version of the disease markedly improved their symptoms. Writing in the journal Nature, the team said the work paved the way for future trials in human race. Scientists said it was a major step forward and bolstered the idea that stem cells could be used to treat MD. This is the first piece of research that has convinced me that stem cell therapy could play a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy Professor Dominic WellsMuscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders that cause the muscles in the body to gradually stop over time and mobility to be lost. It shortens life span and there is currently no cure. The researchers, led by a team at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in Mil an, Italy, looked at the most common form of the disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This condition, which usually only affects boys, appears in about one in every 3,500 male births and is caused by mutations in a particular gene that lead to a lack of dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle.The team had previously seen promising results when they injected stem cells into mice with a version of this disease, but turned to dogs for their next trial because they replicate the musclewasting disease more accurately. Mobility returned The researchers used a form of stem cells, gathered from blood vessels, called mesoangioblasts, which are programmed to turn into muscle cells. They isolated the stem cells from both healthy dogs and also from MD dogs, with the latters stem cells then being modified to correct the mutated gene. The scientists proceeded to inject these different types of stem cells into dogs with MD.They found that transferring the stem cells five times at monthly intervals produced the best results. Overall, injections of stem cells taken from healthy dogs showed the most improvement. Four out of the hexad dogs who received these stem cells saw the return of dystrophin and regained muscle strength. One dog that was injected at an early-stage of the disease retained the ability to walk, and two dogs injected at a late-stage of the disease had their mobility returned. Of the remaining two, one died early and the other, the scientists believe, did not receive enough cells.The experiment to inject MD dogs with their own corrected stem cells proved less successful, although the dytrophin protein returned. This accession was investigated because, should stem cell treatment move into humans, it would mean patients could be injected with their own cells, minimising the prognosiss of rejection and avoiding the need to take immunosuppressant drugs. The researchers wrote The work reported here sets the logical supposal for the start of clinical experimentation that may lead to an efficacious therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Excellent work Dr Marita Pohlschmidt, director of research at the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign, UK, said We relish encouraged by the work because the results provide initial evidence that we might be one step closer to a stem cell treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell researcher at Kings College London, said This is an excellent piece of work demonstrating significant functional improvement in a naturally occurring disease in dogs that is very similar to that in humans. Although it will likely to be some time before this work can move to humans, it is nevertheless an important study in developing therapies for muscular dystrophies. Professor Dominic Wells, of the gene targeting group at Imperial College, London, said This is yet another example of the vital contribution animal research makes to the development of treatments for human disea se. This is the first piece of research that has convinced me that stem cell therapy could play a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Kay Davies of the MRC Functional Genetics Unit, University of Oxford, said The use of stem cells to treat human disease holds great promise, but the actual delivery of such therapy is thought to be many years away. The data, she said, changed this view. However, she added that the researchers needed to find out why not all dogs responded positively. Wednesday, 8 November 2006, 1648 GMT Cell transplants restore throne Cell transplants have successfully restored vision to mice which had lost their sight, leading to hopes people could enefit in the identical way. UK scientists treated animals which had eye damage similar to that seen in many human eye diseases. They were able to help them see again by transplanting immature retinal stem cells into their eyes. UK experts welcomed the study, published in the magazine Nature, saying it was stunning research. This is a stunning piece of research that may in the distant future may lead to transplants in humans to relieve blindness Professor Andrew Dick University of BristolIf the results can be translated into a treatment for human eye disease, it could help the millions of people with conditions ranging from age-related macular degeneration to diabetes. Once the strobile and rod photoreceptors in a retina are lost, they cannot be replaced. While treatments are being developed which might prevent or delay the loss of these cells, scientists are also seeking to help those already affected. It is thought the retina is one of the best places to try out cell transplant therapy because photoreceptor loss initially leaves the rest of the fit out to the brain intact.But previous attempts to transplant stem cells, which can turn into any kind of cell in the body, in the hope that they will become photoreceptors have failed because the cells were not developed enough. Harve st In this study, funded by the Medical Research Council, scientists from the University College London Institutes of Ophthalmology and Child Health and Moorfields Eye Hospital transplanted cells which were more advanced, and already programmed to develop into photoreceptors. ? 1 Early stage retinal cells are taken from a newborn mouse ? 2 They are transplanted into the retina of a mouse which has lost its sight ? The cells implant and connect with existing cells in the eye, restoring some sight to the mouse. The team took cells from three to five-day-old mice, a stage when the retina is about to be formed. The cells were then transplanted into animals which had been genetically knowing to have conditions which meant they would gradually lose their sight either mimicking the human disease retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. The transplants were successful the photoreceptors implanted and made electrical connections to the animals existing retinal nub cell s key to allowing them to see again.Tests showed that the mices pupils responded to light and that there was activity in the optical nerve, showing signals were being sent to the brain. Dr Jane Sowden, one of the studys leaders, said Remarkably, we found that the mature retina, previously believed to have no capacity for repair, is in fact able to support the development of n ew functional photoreceptors. Not false hope To get human retinal cells at the same stage of development, however, would involve taking stem cells from a foetus during the second trimester of pregnancy.But Dr Robert MacLaren, a specialist at Moorfields Eye Hospital who worked on the research, said they did not want to go down that route. He said the aim now would be to look at adult stem cells to see if they could be genetically altered to behave like the mouse retinal cells. There are some cells on the margin of adult retinas that have been identified as having stem cell -like properties, which the team says could be suitable. Dr MacLaren stressed it would be some time before patients could benefit from such a treatment, but he said that at least it was now a possibility. Every day, I sit in my clinic and have to tell patients that theres nothing I can do. I dont want to give patients false hope. But at least now, if I see a young patient, I can say that there might be something within your lifetime. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell expert at Kings College London, said I think this is important, superb research it clearly shows that the server environment is important in directing the integration of transplanted cells. But Andrew Dick, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Bristol, added As with any basic research we have to be wary not to overhype.Remove the Jello from the plastic cup onto the paper plate. We had some problem with this. The students may need to run the knife around the very outside edge of the Jello to loosen it. There are some suggestions that you might spray the cup with Pam or some other non -stick material. We did not get a chance to try this yet. Running warm water over the cup may also loosen the Jello. 3. Cut the Jello/Knox in half and remove the top half. Turn over the top and set it on the plate beside the bottom half 4. Use the spoon to dig out a hole in the bottom half of the Jello/Knox cytoplasm . Just pushing the food pieces into the Jello causes it to crack and come apart, making for a very messy cell.Place the gumball in this hole to represent the nucleus of the cell. 5. Using the spoon to make spaces and your diagram as a guide, place the other cell parts into the cell. Parts can be put into both the top and bottom half of the Jello/Knox cell 6. Take the top part of the cell and carefully place it on the top. If the cell feels soft, you can put the parts back into the plastic cup, then turn it over onto the paper plate. Then carefully remove the plastic cup. 7. aft(prenominal) reviewing the parts one concluding tim e, those students who wish to can feast on their cell. Please use clean spoons in case the spoon you were working with cut down on the floor or the table. Its Alive, Alive.Background You will be in groups of three, each with your own job. The jobs to choose from are Contractor, Architect, and Surveyor. Your job, as a group, is to build the most real life-like plant cell the world has ever seen. Problem What does a 3-dimensional cell look like? What are the various parts of plant cells? Materials Play-doe, food coloring or tempera paints (red, purple, green, blue, white), 1 pair of gloves, yarn or undercooked spaghetti, pepper, plastic-bubble packing, aluminum foil, plastic wrap, pencil shavings, scissors, 1 large knife, glue. Procedure 1.Before we start be mindful that on the final day you must present your cell to the class. 2. After you have decided upon your jobs, the Contractor and Architect will collaborate to design the plant cell. The design should be drawn up on a piece of paper that explains what materials will be used for each organelle. It should be colored the same color it will appear when it is built. Take your time and make a good drawing. This should be completed early on day two. Throughout this unblemished process the Surveyor should be writing down the order in which each organelle was designed and the order in which it will be built. Along with this the Surveyor must make a copy of the design that the group can use when building it.The Surveyors job is to basically take notes all the way through, so if the final product doesnt come out as planned the Surveyor can look back at their notes and answer why. 3. After you have finished your design, hand it in and your teacher will approve it. If it is approved, you can start to build your cell. 4. Building should be the role of the contractor. Architects watch the bui lders to make sure they are doing it exactly as planned. Surveyors should take notes on how it is built and also can assist the Architects to make sure it is being built as planned. Its Just a Phase Theyre button Through Problem What phases do cells undergo during mitosis? What happens at each phase?Materials Unlined paper (1 sheet), colored pencils, pencil, crayons, light microscope, slides, cover slips, onion (fresh), toothpicks, knife (used by teacher only), iodine stain. Procedure Procedure Part A Slide Preparation Onion Skin a. First take a piece of onion skin off the onion. b. Put it flat on a slide. c. Bring the slide to the leader for a drop of iodine stain. Data Sheet d. carefully put on a cover slip remembering to angle it. e. Examine the cell under low then medium power. 1. Front f. go down your microscope to a higher power. 2. Procedure Part B Data Preparation 3. Back 1. You will take your paper fold and it in half, label each ox created (front + back) numbers 1 4 as shown on the right. 4. 2. Create a large box within numbered box, as shown. 3. Within the large area you will draw the sta ges of mitosis, make them colorful. 4. Within the smaller box you will write the name of each stage shown, and give a full definition of what you see happening.Cells Vocabulary Quiz Directions Match the vocabulary words on the left with the definitions on the right. 1. tissue the central, essential, or highly concentrated part around which other parts are grouped. 2. vacuole a musical instrument consisting of a keyboard attached to a device that forces air through a number of pipes to produce a wide range of sounds pipe organ. 3. chromosome storage areas of the cell known for storing mostly water and/or food. 4. chlorophyll (chlorophyl) the ground protoplasm of cells that is outside the nucleus. 5. cell membrane Shaped like a bean, this cell organelle helps take food and manuf acture energy from it. 6. chloroplastA structure inside the nucleus where RNA is transcribed. 7. cell wall the mass of like cells in an animal or plant body, esp. as they form a specific organ 8. nucleolus Th in, intertwined pieces of DNA found in the cells nucleus. 9. organ the green (in color) pigment found in chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place. 10. cytoplasm Mostly made of cellulose, this is the tough and rigid outer layer of plant cells. 11. nucleus an crank shaped body that appears green from all the chlorophyll they contain. This organelle is where photosynthesis takes place. 12. mitochondrion The enclosure of the cell that provides the body for all the organelles.Cells Word Chop Worksheet Directions The table under contains words that have been chopped in half. Find the pieces that fit together and write them in the answer area below. osome vac sues chrom tis cell chlor org leus embrane ophyll eolus ans ondria cell m oplast nucl nuc chlor plasm cyto mitoch uole wall.

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay

According to Kozier et Al. (2002), quietness is the state of being conscious wherein there is a decrease of perception, and reaction to the environment of an individual (p. 953). Sleep exerts physiologic personal effects on both the nervous systems and other body structures and also it restores normal levels of activity and balance among parts of the nervous systems (p. 956). There argon two symbols of tranquillity, nonrapid eye movement calm and paradoxical sleep sleep, orthodox sleep sleep or non-REM sleep is a deep, restful sleep and some physiologic functions were decreased.It is also referred to as a depleted wave sleep because when a person sleeps the flair waves tends to slow than the alpha and beta waves of an awake person. NREM sleep is divided into four stages stage 1- rattling light sleep wherein the person feels drowsy and relaxed, stage 2- light sleep that will last only from ten to fifteen minutes, stage 3- domination of parasympathetic nervous system nervou s systems that slows down the heart and respiratory rates as wellhead as other body processes and somemagazines snoring may occur and the quartern stage will be the deep sleep is thought to restore the body physically, dreams and rolling of the eyes may occur in this stage.another(prenominal) type of sleep is the REM sleep or the rapid eye movement sleep that constitutes 25% of sleep of a young adult and usually recurs either ninety minutes and lasts five to thirty minutes. On the other hand, dreams in REM sleep were usually remembered because it is consolidated in the memory (pp. 953-954). There are many component parts that may affect sleep of an individual, quality of sleep and quantity of sleep were both affected by a number of factors.The quality of sleep is the superpower of an individual to stay asleep and to get the required amount of REM and NREM sleep while the quantity of sleep is the total time the individual sleeps. Age, environment fatigue, life style, psychologica l stresses are just some of the factors that indeed affects the sleep of an individual (p. 956). Literature Review In an internet article, they listed six persons that set about a contribution in sleep research. A French Scientist Henri Pieron authored a book entitled Le probleme physiologique du sommeil, which was the first text to examine sleep from a physiological perspective.This spurt is usually regarded as the beginning of the modern approach to sleep research. Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, now known as the Father of American sleep research, he started cash in ones chipsing in Chicago in the 1920s questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitmans crucial work include studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep expiration. Another contributor is questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms.Kleitmans crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different popula tions and the effect of sleep deficiency. Dr. William C. Dement extended Dr. Kleitmans path of research. Dement described the cyclical nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955, and in 1957 and 58 established the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. In 1958, he published a paper explaining that in a dormancy cat there is a cyclic organization existence, thus creating an explosion of fundamental research that gathers researchers from different fields of specialty.For the next 20 years, Michel Jouvet leads to an identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness, which he called paradoxical sleep. Another one is H. Gastaut and his colleagues discovered the presence of apnea during sleep in a subgroup of Pickwickian patients (1965) that lead them to an blast of investigations of the control exercised by the sleeping brain on the bodys vital functions. His work eventually led to the new discipline of sleep medication (A brief history of sleep research, n. a. ).Sleep wi shing and its causes According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep deprivation is only one out of many common sleep disorders. They specify sleep deprivation as a syndrome of prolonged touchance that leads the amount, quality, and consistency of sleep to decrease and thus produces a variety of physiologic and behavioral symptoms, its acrimony will depend on the degree of the deprivation. Again there are two types of sleep deprivation REM and NREM deprivation, the combination of the two deprivation increases the severity of symptoms.Alcohol, barbiturates, shift work, jet lag, extended ICU hospitalization, morphine, and meperidine hydrochloride are the causes of REM deprivation, while all of the causes of REM deprivation plus diazepam flurazepam hydrochloride hydrochloride, hypothyroidism, depression, respiratory distress disorders, sleep apnea, and age causes NREM deprivation, and both REM and NREM deprivation is caused from the combination of both REM and NREM deprivation causes (p. 9 59).Another cause of sleep deprivation is from the psychological stress wherein worry and depression frequently disturb sleep. A person cant relax adequately to get to sleep if he or she is having a personal problem. Another factor is alcohol and stimulants, people who drinks alcohol excessively has the higher rates of sleep disturbances. Alcohol disrupts REM sleep even though it fastens the onset of sleep. Diet- weight loss is accompanied with reduced total sleep time as well as broken sleep and earlier waken.Smoking, cigarettes contains nicotine that has stimulating effects on the body and may cause in difficulty of falling asleep. Motivation, persons desire to stay awake can cause a fatigue, and illness, an ill person is more prone to sleep deprivation, in their condition they need to have more sleep, but a patient in a hospital is disturb by their time to take their medicines, and respiratory conditions can also disturb sleep thus disturbing their total time of sleep a person is required to have (p. 956).Psychological and physical effects of sleep deprivationThe effects of sleep deprivation to the body is like a chain reaction, its main target is the brain, since the brain is the control unit of the body, the brain controls and is responsible for the homeostasis of the body, one time the brain is affected many imbalances may occur. For REM deprivation excitpower, restlessness, irritability, increased sensitivity to pain, confusion and suspiciousness, and emotional liability can possibly be the effects. For NREM deprivation one may show hyporesponsiveness, withdrawal, apathy, feeling physically uncomfortable, lack of facial expression, and speech deterioration.For both REM and NREM deprivation, inattentiveness, decreased reasoning ability and the ability to concentrate, marked fatigue manifested by blurred vision, itchy eyes, nausea, headache, difficulty in performing activities of daily living, lack of memory, mental confusion, visual or auditive hallu cinations and illusions can be its primary effects to ones both psychological and physical aspect of a person. Since stress is one of the major factor affecting sleep deprivation whether its psychological or physical stress.As you think more and focuses your mind into the problem, your mind will become more fatigue (p. 959). Based on the book by Biron et Al. (2006), stress may lead to some psychological problems and may interfere with effective intrapersonal and the intrapersonal behavior of the individual. A person experiencing prolonged stressful events may suffer from feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and consequently, undermining his self esteem. Impaired task performance is another effect of stressful mind it interferes with our ability to successfully perform a task and responsibilities expected.And disruption of cognitive functioning, people who are under stress are likely to experience loss of concentration, disorientation, and forgetfulness (pp. 184-185). interfe rence for sleep deprived persons According to the book made by Kushida (2005), large(predicate) women are also prone to sleep deprivation. In treating sleep deprivation for pregnant women, they recommended seven treatments to minimize maternal and fetal health riska) women should try to seep on the left side and avoid sleeping in irresistible position.Avoiding it will ease the stress of the heart, will reduce constriction of the space available to the fetus, will reduce pressure to the inferior vena cava that carries blood back up to the heart from the feet and legs, b) if symptoms of RLS are present, consider an evaluation of ferritin, hemoglobin, and folate levels and supplement when indicated, c) treat sleeping- disordered breathing with CPAP, d) avoid staying in bed when unable to seep, e) address anxiety provoking issues to reduce overall level of arousal, f) Consider regular exercise, pregnant women who exercise three times a week for at least thirty minutes have less insom nia and anxiety than pregnant women who do not exercise, and g) treat psychophysiological insomnia with empirically supported cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (p. 185).Another form of treatment is discussed by Greist and Jefferson (1992), psychosurgery is a rare treatment it is not then advisable if other treatments have not been tested to a patient. Careful neurosurgical interruption of brain pathways has been shown that fifty percent of patients has been helped to this kind of treatment (pp. 79-80).Conclusion Sleep is really a helpful in obtaining our health it restores our bodys energy. Sleep deprivation is not really a syndrome but an effect due to some disturbances, stress, and anxiety that makes our brain to send signal to our body to be awake, an unnecessary awakening that affects our total time of sleep.When our body is stressful or lack of average sleep needed by each individual, our brain do not work properly thus affecting our lifestyle, our ability to think and cope up with problems, and then other diseases may occur if not immediately taken to concern, because stress attacks our brain and knowing that our brain is the control center of our body.Recommendation If sleeplessness and the listed signs and symptoms occur, it will be a clever decision if you consult a define immediately prior to health concern. It is also a best way if symposiums will be conducted or seminars that discuss about Sleep deprivation to civilize and or universities so that students and educators will be aware to the effects of sleep deprivation that one can possibly have due to body exhaustion and abuse.

Poetry and Figuartive Essay

Since this weeks appraisals I have selected the following three verses My grandmothers love letters by Hart put out, The road non taken Robert Frost, as well as Richard Cory by Edward Arlington Robinson. My Grandmothers Love Letters By Hart Crane (1899-1932) there are no stars tonight But those of memory. Yet how much room for memory there is In the loose girdle of soft rain. There is even room enough For the letters of my mothers mother, Elizabeth, That have been passed so long Into the corner of the roof That they are brown and soft, And liable to ladder as snow.Over the greatness of such space Steps must(prenominal) be gentle. It is all hung by an invisible white hair. It trembles as welt limbs webbing the air. I ask myself Are your fingers long enough to play Old keys that are but echoes Is the silence strong enough To carry stern the music to its source And back to you again As though to her? Yet I would lead my grandmother by the hand Through much of what she would not understand And so I stumble. And the rain continues on the roof With such a sound of gently pitying laughter. (Thiel, 2005, pp. 295-296) The imagery in this poem is very opulent and gaudy.At the beginning I see a obscurity that is beginning to be lite up by affectionate reminiscences, like a candle getting livelier and livelier. I can perceive rain dwindling on the roof at the same time. The granddaughter has found some letters, perchance in an attic. The letters are ancient and brown with oldness. And with age paper develops inelastic and could fall separately without much assistance. As she starts to uncluttered the letters she derives to the comprehension that she must be very cautious. She is interrogative whether or not she should read it.The rigorous ofthe rain falling on the roof sounds to her like her grandmothers amusement. Unfortunately I possibly will only find a couple belongings that rhymed. And I have faith in they are of no prominence. I think the blood border is the silence strong enough is a hyperbole it is an embellishment put demonstrates the opinion that peace can be sturdy just not in a corporeal method. I adored this poem because reading it made me contemplate of my own grandmother who was a saccharine and compassionate woman.The Road non Taken By Robert Frost (1874 1963) Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be champion traveler, long I stood And looked down unrivaled as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wearThough as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning evenly lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I keep the first for another day Yet knowing how way leads onto way, I doubted if I should of all time come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I t ook the one little traveled by, And that has made all the difference. (Thiel, 2005, pp. 297 298) As I underway reading this poem, I visualized a man up turn backed at a fork in the street. The scenery is a forest, in the fall. The man stances for a extensive time observing down both paths. He knew he could not tourism both paths as a single person, and he would have to indicate which on to take. He unambiguous to take the one less voyaged. As soon as he ongoing down the path he indicated he knew he would not be back to attempt the other road. fundamentally he had made his verdict and had to stick with it.But by enchanting the one less toured it made all the variance. I ponder this is a metaphor on life, we can revenue the road that utmost revenue. The informal road and go somewhere. Nevertheless by captivating the tougher road or the road less voyaged it will be further satisfying. Line one, three, and four had quatrains line one had kindling at the conclusion and line three had erected at the end where line four had could at the end. This is an instance of a virile rhyme. Lines six, eight, and nine had words on the conclusion of the sentence that rhymed fair, wear, and there.Lines 11, 13, and 14 had words at the end that rhymed lay, day, and way. I ponder the edifice of this poem is from a story viewpoint. Richard Cory Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869 1935) Whenever Richard Cory went down town, We people on the pavement looked at him He was a military personnel from sole to crown, Clean favored, and imperially slim. And he always quietly arrayed, And he was always human when he talked But still he fluttered pulses when he said, good-morning and he glittered when he walked. And he was rich yes, richer than a king And admirably schooled in every graceIn fine, we thought that he was everything To make us tender that we were in his place. So on we worked, and waited for the light, And went without the meat, and cursed the bread And Richard Cory, one calm su mmer night, Went home and put a bullet through his head. This poem invokes up descriptions of a opulent, stylish, attractive man. Approaching into town, and all the towns people, or masses just glare at him. All the towns individuals resented him, and required to be him, owed to his edification, refinement, and prosperity. He sported extravagant attires I depictiona ostentatious sequenced suite like Elvis sported.Then one night he went home and devoted suicide. I consider that this poem is a metaphor that currency, affluence, trinkets, and good appearances cant buy you contentment. Every further finale word pretty much rhymes. And I ponder it is engrave in a stanza. I found that this poem had a vibrant declaration for the reader. Be contented where you are, the lawn is not continuously greener on the other side. References Thiel, D. (2005). Crossroads. cutting York, NY Longman. Plunkett, A. (n. d. ). My Grandmothers Love Letters. Poetry Foundation.Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http //www. poetryfoundation. org/poem/177645 Plunkett, A. (n. d. ). Richard Cory. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http//www. poetryfoundation. org/poem/174248 . (n. d. ). . Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http//www. juicerreview. org/ . (n. d. ). Poets. org. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http//www. poets. org/ (n. d. ). Poets. org. Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http//www. poets. org/poetsorg/poem/road-not-taken http//www. impalapublications. com/blog/index. php? /archives/523-Richard-Cory,-b y-James-OFee. html. (n. d. ).